Civil Procedure—Commentary and Materials, 3rd edition
by
Stephen Colbran, Gregory Rheinhardt, Peta Spender, Sheryl Jackson, Roger Douglas
1		Court Adjudication under an Adversarial System 	1
Overview 			1
Introduction 			2
What is procedure? 			3
Justice in Many Rooms 			3
Further reading			3
The interdependence of substance and procedure 			4
Questions 			5
Further reading			5
Sources of civil procedural law 			5
Statutory jurisdiction			5
Further reading			6
Inherent jurisdiction 			6
The Inherent Jurisdiction to Regulate Civil Proceedings 			7
Notes and questions 			9
Participants in the litigation system 			10
Persons and Masks of the Law 			10
Notes and questions 			14
Further reading			15
The adversarial and inquisitorial models of litigation 			16
Review of the adversarial system of litigation: 
Rethinking the federal civil litigation system 			16
New Code of Civil Procedure 			19
Questions 			19
The adversarial system in crisis? 			20
Delay 			20
Rules of the Supreme Court 1971 (WA) 			20
Questions 			20
Efficiency 			21
Quality and Economy in Civil Procedure: The Case for Commuting Correct 
Judgments for Timely Judgments 			21
Question 			22
The Myth of Civil Procedure Reform 			23
Question 			24
A new balance? 			24
Civil Procedure Rules (UK) 			24
Commentary 			24
Comments 			25
Further reading			26
The role of the judge 			26
Questions 			27
Managerial judging 			28
Review of the Adversarial System of Litigation: Rethinking the Federal Civil 
Litigation System 			28
Further reading			28
Case management — concepts 			29
Review of the Adversarial System of Litigation: Judicial and 
Case Management 			29
Further reading			31
Case management — examples 			31
An overview of case management practices 			31
Australian Institute of Judicial Administration, Case Management Seminar 		31
Further reading			33
Hybrid — Master list with management of certain cases: 
the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania 			33
The Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania 			33
Court Initiated Directions Hearings 			34
New South Wales — Supreme Court Common Law Division, South Australia 
and Western Australia 			34
The Supreme Court of New South Wales Practice Note No. SC CL 1 17/08/2005 	34
Question 			35
Timelines: Queensland 			35
Supreme Court of Queensland Practice Direction No 4 of 2002
Case-Flow Management — Civil Jurisdiction 			35
Differential case management: the Northern Territory 			36
Rules of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory of Australia (NT)			37
Specialist divisions and lists: Victoria 			37
Note 			38
Individual docket: Federal Court 			38
About the Court — Individual Docket System 			38
Question 			39
Special leave applications — High Court 			39
Further reading			39
Diversion through alternative dispute resolution processes 			40
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			40
Mediation as Case Management 			40
Notes and questions 			41
Further reading			42
Challenging case management sanctions 			42
Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) 			42
Judicial interpretation 			43
Sali v SPC Ltd 			43
Notes and questions 			47
Queensland v JL Holdings Pty Ltd 			47
Notes 			54
Case management — the future? 			55
Managing Justice A review of the federal civil justice system 			55
The Future Of Adversarial Justice 			56
Use of costs to control litigation 			56
Litigation Cost Rules 			57
Further reading			58
Further reading 			58
2		Alternative Dispute Resolution 			62
Overview 			62
Introduction 			63
The Learning of Peace: Lessons from a Multidisciplinary Inquiry 			63
Combating the Warrior Mentality 			65
Questions 			65
Further reading			66
The growth in ADR 			67
The Mediation Alternative 			68
Notes and questions 			70
Further reading			71
Types of ADR processes 			72
Determinative processes 			72
Enforceable processes 			72
Determinative processes that are not enforceable 			73
Facilitative processes 			74
Conciliation 			74
Facilitation 			74
Mediation 			74
Ombudsmen 			75
Further reading			75
Mediation 			75
The Mediation Alternative 			76
Toward Another View of Legal Negotiation: The Structure of Problem Solving 		80
Questions 			81
Further reading			81
Features of mediation 			82
Accessibility 			82
Further reading			84
Voluntary 			84
Further reading			85
Confidential 			86
Contractual terms 			86
Privilege 			86
Statutory provisions 			87
Court Orders 			88
Further reading			91
Facilitative 			92
Rethinking Neutrality: A Theory to Inform Practice — Part II 			93
Further reading			94
Question 			94
Other issues with mediation 			94
Power imbalances 			94
Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice 			95
Further reading			97
Enforcement of agreements to mediate 			97
Hooper Bailie Associated Limited v Natcon Group Limited 			97
Certainty 			100
The Enforceability of Agreements to Mediate 			100
Good Faith 			102
Further reading			102
Evaluating mediation 			103
Further reading			103
Arbitration 			104
Features of arbitration 			105
Further reading			108
Court-annexed ADR 			108
Federal Court 			110
New South Wales 			111
Queensland 			112
Victoria 			113
South Australia 			113
Western Australia 			114
Northern Territory 			114
Australian Capital Territory 			115
Mediation Act 1997 (ACT) 			115
Tasmania 			117
Further reading			117
ADR and the legal profession 			118
Further reading			119
Conclusion 			119
3		Jurisdiction 			121
Overview 			121
Subject matter jurisdiction 			122
Commonwealth Constitution 			122
The High Court 			122
Original jurisdiction 			122
Commonwealth Constitution 			122
Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) 			123
Appellate jurisdiction 			124
Commonwealth Constitution 			124
The Federal Court 			125
Original jurisdiction 			125
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) 			125
Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) 			125
Appellate jurisdiction 			126
Reference jurisdiction 			127
Associated jurisdiction; accrued jurisdiction 			127
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) 			127
Fencott v Muller 			128
Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally Re Wakim; Ex parte Darvall 			130
Incidental jurisdiction 			133
The Federal Magistrates’ Court 			133
Supreme Courts 			134
Original and appellate jurisdiction 			134
Constitution of Queensland Act 1991 (Qld) 			134
Federal jurisdiction 			134
Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) 			134
Inherent jurisdiction 			136
Notes and questions 			136
Further reading			138
Territorial jurisdiction 			139
Presence in the jurisdiction 			139
Laurie v Carroll 			139
Submission to the jurisdiction 			141
Statutory extension of territorial jurisdiction 			142
Further reading			142
Cross-vesting of jurisdiction 			143
The purpose of the cross-vesting scheme 			143
Constitutional invalidity 			144
Investment and conferral of jurisdiction 			145
Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (Qld) 			145
Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (Qld) 			145
Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (Cth) 			146
Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (NSW) 			147
Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (Cth) 			147
Nature of jurisdiction conferred 			148
Transfer of proceedings 			149
Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (WA) 			150
BHP Billiton Limited v Schultz 			153
Amor v Macpac Pty Ltd 			158
Applicable law 			162
Special federal matters 			162
Inferior courts 			163
Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (Vic) 			163
Limitation on appeals 			165
Procedure 			165
Interstate service 			165
The Australian Capital Territory and the Federal Court 			166
New South Wales 			167
The Northern Territory and Victoria 			167
Queensland and Western Australia 			168
South Australia 			170
Tasmania 			170
Notes and questions 			171
Further reading 			172
4		Limitation of Actions 			174
Overview 			174
Introduction 			174
State and territory jurisdictions 			174
Federal jurisdiction 			175
Further reading			176
Equitable Remedies 			176
The purpose of limitation periods 			178
Limitation of Actions for Latent Personal Injuries 			178
The running of time 			179
Stipulated periods — General 			179
Accrual of cause of action 			180
Limitation Act 1969 (NSW) 			180
Questions 			181
A Critical Analysis of the English Law of Limitation Periods 			181
Notes 			182
Review of the Law of Negligence Final Report 			182
Postponement 			182
Disability 			183
Kirby v Leather 			183
Limitation Act 1981 (NT) 			184
Questions and Comments 			185
Further reading			186
The effect of expiration of the limitation period 			186
Barring the remedy or right? 			187
A Critical Analysis of the English Law of Limitation Periods 			187
Commonwealth v Mewett 			188
Notes and questions 			190
Extension of the limitation period 			190
Limitation and Discretion: Procedural Reform and Substantive Effect 			191
Brisbane South Regional Health Authority v Taylor 			192
Notes and questions 			194
Forum shopping 			194
Substantive or procedural? 			195
Limitation Act 1974 (Tas) 			195
John Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Rogerson 			196
Questions 			197
Personal injury actions 			198
Date of accrual vs date of discoverability in personal 
injuries actions 			200
Limitation of Actions Act 1958 (Vic) 			200
Special limitation periods for personal injuries to minors 			200
Minors injured by close relatives or associates 			200
Injuries to children arising from the provision of health services 			201
Further reading			201
Latent injuries 			201
Question 			202
Limitation of Actions for Latent Personal Injuries 			202
Dust diseases 			203
Dust Diseases Tribunal Act 1989 (NSW) 			204
Damages and Limitation Issues in Asbestos Cases 			204
Extensions of time for personal injuries actions 			205
Just and reasonable 			205
Limitation of Actions Act 1958 (Vic) 			205
Exercise of judicial discretion upon the just and reasonable ground 			207
Ives v Australian Capital Territory 			207
Question 			211
Material facts of a decisive nature 			212
Limitation of Actions Act 1974 (Qld) 			212
Do Carmo v Ford Excavations Pty Ltd 			213
Notes and questions 			215
Personal injury caused by motor vehicles and work related injury 		217
Further reading 			217
5		Instituting Proceedings 			219
Overview 			219
Client care rules 			219
Costs disclosures 			220
Legal Interviewing: Theory, Tactics and Techniques 			220
Further reading			222
Letters of demand 			222
Commencing proceedings 			223
Terminology 			223
Supreme Court Rules 2000 (Tas) 			224
Ethical considerations 			226
Legal Profession Act 2004 (NSW) 			227
Questions and Comment 			228
Further reading			228
Disputes predominantly involving factual issues 			228
The writ of summons 			228
Williams Civil Procedure Victoria 			229
Indorsements 			230
Notes and questions 			231
Relationship between the writ and the pleadings 			231
Notes 			232
Concurrent writs 			232
Other types of originating process for disputes involving factual issues 			233
Disputes predominantly involving legal issues 			234
Duration of originating process 			234
Supreme Court Rules (ACT) 			234
Brealey v Board Of Management Royal Perth Hospital 			235
Renewal of originating process 			238
Notes and questions 			238
Van Leer Australia Pty Ltd v Palace Shipping KK 			239
Comment and Questions 			246
Further reading 			246
6		Service 			247
Overview 			247
Introduction 			247
Personal service 			249
Foundation of jurisdiction 			249
Manner of service 			250
Ainsworth v Redd 			250
Exceptions to personal service 			252
Consensual and presumed service 			253
Kenneth Allison Ltd v A E Limehouse & Co (a firm) 			253
Solicitor’s undertaking to accept service 			254
Notes and questions 			255
Time requirements 			255
Cross-vesting schemes 			257
Concurrent summons 			257
Affidavit of service 			257
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) 			257
Question 			258
Ordinary service 			258
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 r 6.07 			260
Address for service 			260
Service by filing 			261
Service by the court 			261
Informal service 			262
Service by facsimile 			262
Questions 			262
Service by post 			263
Questions 			263
Service by document exchange (DX) 			263
Service by electronic means 			264
Interlocutory injunctions 			264
Statutory modification 			264
Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) 			264
Special parties 			265
Corporations 			265
Australian Capital Territory O 10 r 11 			265
Domestic corporations 			266
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) 			266
Foreign corporations 			267
Government owned corporations 			268
Partnerships, business names, and unincorporated associations 			268
Agents 			269
Rules of the Supreme Court 1971 (WA) 			269
Notes and questions 			270
Spouses 			270
Infants 			271
Mentally ill persons 			271
Crown and judicial officers 			271
Third parties 			272
Prisoners 			272
Keeping house 			272
Special actions 			272
Action for recovery of land 			273
Motor vehicle personal injuries claims 			273
Indorsements 			273
Proof of service 			273
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules (Qld) 			274
Substituted service 			274
Porter v Freudenberg 			275
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) 			276
Practical impossibility of actual service 			276
Amos Removals & Storage Pty Ltd v Small 			276
Notes and questions 			277
Munkarra v Fischer 			278
Method of substituted service 			278
Miscamble v Phillips (No 2) 			279
Chappell v Coyle 			279
Jurisdictional limitations 			280
Myerson v Martin 			280
The application 			281
The order 			281
Service out of the jurisdiction 			281
Service outside of the jurisdiction but within Australia 			282
The Service and Execution of Process Act 1992 (Cth) 			282
Service and Execution of Process Act 1992 (Cth) 			283
Further reading			289
Service and Execution of Process Regulations (Cth) 			290
Service outside Australia 			291
Further reading			292
Categories of nexus 			293
Service outside Australia by convention 			296
Effecting service outside Australia: notices and indorsements 			296
Setting aside service outside Australia 			297
Service of foreign legal process inside the jurisdiction 			297
Judgments and orders 			297
Question 			297
Setting aside service irregularities 			298
Further reading 			298
7		Appearance 			300
Overview 			300
Introduction 			300
Why enter an appearance? 			301
Who may enter an appearance? 			302
Corporations 			302
Partnerships 			303
Multiple defendants 			303
Respondent 			303
Third parties 			303
Undertakings 			303
Notes and questions 			304
Types of appearances 			304
Procedure for entry of appearance 			305
Notes and questions 			305
Time limited for appearance 			306
Service and Execution of Process Act 1992 (Cth) 			306
Unconditional appearance 			307
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) 			308
Submission to the jurisdiction 			310
Questions 			311
Waiver 			311
Stale writ 			311
Sheldon v Brown Bayley’s Steel Works Ltd 			311
Conditional appearance 			312
Glassford, Cook and Co Pty Ltd v William Higson & Co 			312
Firth v John Mowlem and Co Ltd 			313
Supreme Court Forms Rules 2000 (Tasmania) 			314
Notes and questions 			314
Examples of appropriate circumstances for a conditional appearance 			314
Objection to jurisdiction 			314
Forum non conveniens 			315
Immunity 			315
Service irregularities 			315
Examples of inappropriate circumstances for entry of a conditional appearance 		315
A different venue within the jurisdiction is required by contract 			315
Roy v Dahl 			315
A compromised cause of action 			316
Alternatives to a conditional appearance 			316
Appearance under protest 			316
Larsen v The Ship ‘Nieuw Holland’ 			317
Question 			317
Appearance gratis 			317
Farley & Lewers (Qld) Pty Ltd v Fitzgerald 			318
Notes and questions 			318
Failure to enter an appearance 			318
Waiver 			318
Default judgment 			319
Amendment, withdrawal and removal 			319
Camm v Lindner 			320
Further reading 			321
8		Joinder of Claims and Parties 			322
Overview 			322
Introduction 			322
Supreme Court Act 1986 (Vic) 			323
Note 			323
Res judicata and issue estoppel 			323
Introduction 			323
Res judicata 			324
Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun Pty Ltd (No 2) 			324
Notes and questions 			329
Issue estoppel 			331
Definition 			331
Arnold v National Westminster Bank Plc 			331
Notes and questions 			334
Questions 			335
Rules governing joinder 			337
The rules and their interpretation 			337
Other matters affecting joinder 			337
Joinder of parties 			338
Permissive joinder 			339
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1996 (Vic) 	339
Birtles v Commonwealth 			339
Questions 			341
Bishop v Bridgelands Securities 			341
Questions 			343
Mandatory or compulsory joinder 			344
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) 			344
Joinder of claims 			345
By the plaintiff 			345
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil 
Proceedings) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			345
Question 			345
By the defendant — counterclaims and set-off 			346
Counterclaim 			346
Question 			346
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil Proceedings) Rules (Vic) 1996 	347
What is the nature of a counterclaim? 			348
Aurel Forras Pty Ltd v Graham Karp Developments Pty Ltd 			348
Notes and questions 			351
Set‑off 			351
Rules of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory of Australia 			351
Question 			353
Addition, substitution and removal of parties 			353
High Court Rules 2004 			353
Question 			354
Dealing with particular parties 			354
Persons under a disability 			354
Supreme Court Rules 1987 (SA) 			355
Partners 			355
Rules of the Supreme Court 2000 (Tas) 			355
Executors, administrators and trustees 			355
Corporations 			356
Question 			356
Corporations under administration, dissolved or otherwise defunct 		356
Bankrupt persons 			357
Consolidation 			357
Rules of the Supreme Court 1971 (WA) 			357
Representative proceedings 			358
The Australian position 			358
The traditional representative proceeding 			358
Carnie v Esanda Finance Corp Ltd 			358
Questions 			368
‘Opt in’ provisions 			368
‘Opt out’ provisions 			369
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) 			369
Wong v Silkfield Pty Ltd 			374
Philip Morris (Australia) Pty Ltd v Nixon 			376
Notes and questions 			381
Further reading			382
Third party proceedings 			382
Rules of the Supreme Court 2000 (Tas) 			382
Question 			383
Contribution 			383
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1996 (Vic) 	383
Further reading 			384
9		Pleading 			385
Overview 			385
Purpose of pleadings 			386
Banque Commerciale SA (en liq) v Akhil Holdings Ltd 			386
Notes and questions 			389
Further reading			389
Contents of pleadings 			390
Usual pleadings 			390
Pleading generally 			390
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			390
Material facts 			390
Facts, not evidence 			391
Philipps v Philipps 			391
Facts and law 			392
Creedon v Measey Investments Pty Ltd 			392
Re Vandervell’s Trusts (No 2) 			393
Pleading a statutory provision 			394
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (Qld) 			394
Miscellaneous rules of pleading 			395
Documents and conversations 			395
Conditions precedent 			395
Presumptions 			395
Points of law 			396
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) 			396
Formal requirements 			397
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			397
Pleadings to be verified: New South Wales 			398
Certificate of Legal Representative: Federal Court 			398
Pleadings optional: South Australia 			399
Plain English 			399
Notes and questions 			401
Further reading			402
Procedure 			402
Statement of claim 			403
Procedural matters 			403
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			403
Introductory statements 			404
The body 			404
Claim for relief 			404
Must disclose a cause of action 			404
Ron Hodgson (Trading) Pty Ltd v Belvedere Motors (Hurstville) Pty Ltd 			405
McCauley v Hamilton Island Enterprises Pty Ltd 			406
Should not anticipate the defence 			407
Queensland — nature and amount of damages claimed to be pleaded 			408
Claim for relief 			408
Rules of the Supreme Court 1971 (WA) 			408
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			409
Note 			410
Further reading			410
Defence 			411
Contents generally 			411
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			411
Denials 			412
Thorp v Holdsworth 			413
Pinson v Lloyds & National Provincial Foreign Bank Ltd 			416
Affirmative pleading 			417
Davie v New Merton Board Mills 			418
Notes and Questions 			419
Further reading			419
Counterclaim and set-off 			420
Counterclaim 			420
Watkins v Plancorp No 6 Pty Ltd 			421
Reply and defence to counterclaim 			423
Herbert v Vaughan 			424
Set-off 			425
Set-off and counterclaim contrasted 			426
Notes 			427
Further reading			427
Particulars 			427
Formal requirements 			427
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			427
Purpose of particulars 			428
R v Associated Northern Collieries 			429
Bailey v Federal Commissioner of Taxation 			430
Pleadings and particulars 			431
Southern Cross Exploration NL v Fire & All Risks Insurance Co Ltd 			432
Particulars and evidence 			433
Katsilis v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd 			433
Doonan v Beacham 			435
Procedure where particulars inadequate 			436
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			437
Personal injury 			438
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			438
Dare v Pulham 			439
Notes and Questions 			440
Further reading			440
Challenges and objections to pleadings 			440
Pleading discloses no cause of action or defence, or is frivolous 
or vexatious (or an abuse of process) 			440
High Court Rules 			440
Drummond-Jackson v British Medical Association 			442
General Steel Industries Inc v Commissioner for Railways (NSW) 			444
Inglis v Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia 			446
Other objections to pleadings 			448
Brooking v Maudslay 			448
Notes and questions 			449
Further reading 			450
	10	Summary Disposition 				451
Overview 			451
Policy issues 			452
Principles of Civil Procedure 			452
Default judgment 			453
Default of appearance 			453
Rules of the Supreme Court 1971 (WA) 			454
Liquidated claims 			455
Comment and Question 			455
Setting aside default judgment 			455
National Australia Bank Ltd v Singh 			456
Mearns v Willoughby Community Preschool Inc 			457
Costs 			459
The operation of the default judgment system 			459
Remedies 			459
Notes and questions 			460
Striking out or default of pleading 			461
Failure to comply with a time stipulation 			461
FAI General Insurance Co Ltd v Southern Cross Exploration 			461
Questions 			463
Further reading			463
Summary judgment 			463
History and purpose of summary judgment 			463
The Evolution of the Summary Judgment Procedure 			463
Civil Procedure 			465
Civil Procedure 			466
The ‘Traditional’ and ‘Reasonable’ Approaches to 
the Summary Jurisdiction 			466
Cubillo v The Commonwealth of Australia 			467
Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Salcedo 			468
Summary judgment for the plaintiff 			470
What must the plaintiff establish? 			470
Supreme Court Rules (NT) 			470
Application by the plaintiff for summary judgment 			471
Glover v Roche 			471
Notes and question 			474
How might the defendant resist the plaintiff’s application for summary judgment? 		475
Issue of fact 			475
Jacobs v Booths Distillery Co 			475
Question and Comment 			476
Issue of law 			476
Civil and Civic Pty Ltd v Pioneer Concrete (NT) Pty Ltd 			476
Failure by defendant to appear 			477
Question 			477
Summary judgment for the defendant 			478
Federal Court Rules 			478
Cubillo v The Commonwealth of Australia 			480
Note 			484
Staying or dismissing proceedings as an abuse of process 			484
Federal Court Rules 			485
Establishing abuse of process 			485
Williams v Spautz 			485
Comment and Questions 			490
Delay constituting abuse of process 			491
Newcastle City Council v Batistatos 			491
Questions and comments 			494
Vexatious litigants 			495
High Court Rules 			495
Further reading			495
Further reading 			496
11		Non-compliance, Amendment and Time 			497
Overview 			497
Non-compliance 			498
Rules of the Supreme Court 1971 (WA) 			498
Supreme Court Rules 1937 (ACT) 			499
Amendment 			500
Amendment of mistakes in documents 			500
Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) 			500
Factors affecting amendment 			501
Etna v Arif 			501
Amendment to add statute-barred claims 			507
Limitation of Actions Act 1958 (Vic) 			507
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1996 (Vic) 	507
Questions 			508
Amendment of parties 			509
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1996 (Vic) 	510
What is a mistake in the name of a party? 			510
Bridge Shipping Pty Ltd v Grand Shipping SA 			510
Note and question 			516
Slip rule 			517
Want of prosecution 			518
Department of Transport v Chris Smaller (Transport) Ltd 			518
McKenna v McKenna 			525
Masel v Transport Industries Insurance Co Ltd 			534
Notes and questions 			540
Time 			541
Reckoning 			541
Supreme Court Rules 1937 (ACT) 			541
Rules of the Supreme Court 2000 (Tas) 			542
High Court Rules 2004 			542
Extension and abridgment 			542
Further reading 			543
12		Discovery 			544
Overview 			544
Discovery and inspection of documents 			545
Requirement for discovery of documents 			545
Jurisdictions other than the High Court and New South Wales 			545
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			545
New South Wales 			548
Inspection of documents 			548
Jurisdictions other than New South Wales and the High Court 			548
New South Wales 			549
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) 			549
Order as to discovery or inspection 			550
Jurisdictions other than New South Wales and the High Court 			550
New South Wales 			551
Exclusion of privileged documents 			551
Document 			552
Relevance 			553
Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory, Tasmania,
Victoria and Western Australia 			553
Compagnie Financiere et Commerciale du Pacifique v Peruvian Guano Co 		553
WA Pines Pty Ltd v Bannerman 			555
Federal Court 			555
New South Wales 			556
Uniform Civil Procudure Rules 2005 (NSW) 			556
Queensland and South Australia 			557
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (Qld) 			557
Documents exempted from discovery 			557
Possession, custody or power 			558
Lonrho Ltd v Shell Petroleum Co Ltd 			559
Palmdale Insurance Ltd (in liq) v L Grollo & Co Pty Ltd 			561
Restricted discovery 			563
Ammerlaan v Distillers Co (Bio-chemicals) Ltd 			564
Magellan Petroleum Aust Ltd v Sagasco Amadeus Pty Ltd 			565
Deferral of discovery 			568
Further discovery and particular discovery 			568
Beecham Group Ltd v Bristol-Myers Co 			568
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			570
Discovery of documents electronically 			571
Parties obliged to make discovery 			573
Solicitor’s obligations 			573
Discovery: a continuing obligation? 			574
Permitted use of discovered documents 			574
Generally 			574
Central Queensland Cement Pty Ltd v Hardy 			575
Qualifications 			575
Default 			576
British American Tobacco Australia Services Ltd v Cowell 
(representing the estate of McCabe (dec’d) 			577
Notes and questions 			578
Further reading			581
Discovery from non-parties and potential parties 			581
Preliminary discovery in equity 			581
Norwich Pharmacal Co v Customs and Excise Commissioners 			582
Identifying a prospective defendant 			583
Supreme Court Rules 1937 (ACT) 			583
Discovery from prospective defendant 			584
Federal Court Rules 			584
Discovery from non-party 			585
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1996 (Vic) 	585
Richardson Pacific Ltd v Fielding 			586
Further reading			589
Interrogatories 			589
What are interrogatories? 			589
When are interrogatories permitted? 			589
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1996 (Vic) 	589
Scope of interrogatories 			590
Tiver v Tiver 			591
Answers to interrogatories 			594
Sharpe v Smail 			594
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			596
Default 			597
Objecting to answering interrogatories 			598
Rules of the Supreme Court 1971 (WA) 			598
Drafting Interrogatories Made Simple 			599
Notes and questions 			600
Oral discovery: Northern Territory and Victoria 			601
Question 			601
Further reading			601
Privilege 			601
Introduction 			601
Legal professional privilege 			602
Scope and rationale 			602
Baker v Campbell 			603
Kennedy v Wallace 			605
The ‘dominant purpose’ test: common law 			609
Esso Australia Resources Limited v The Commissioner of Taxation 			609
Confidential communications 			613
Packer v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation 			613
Existing or anticipated litigation 			614
Copies of unprivileged documents 			615
Commissioner, Australian Federal Police v Propend Finance Pty Ltd 			615
‘Client legal privilege’ under legislation 			617
Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) 			617
Statutory removal of privilege for expert reports. 			618
Self-incrimination, penalties and forfeiture 			619
Scope and rationale of the privilege against self-incrimination 			619
Triplex Safety Glass Co Ltd v Lancegaye Safety Glass (1934) Ltd 			619
Reid v Howard 			621
Penalties and forfeiture 			623
Statutory recognition and modification 			623
Public interest 			624
Scope and rationale 			624
Sankey v Whitlam 			624
Statutory recognition 			627
Without prejudice communications 			627
Scope and rationale 			627
Field v Commissioner for Railways for New South Wales 			628
Statutory recognition and modification 			629
Priest and penitent 			629
Marital privilege 			630
Waiver of privilege 			630
Notes and questions 			630
Further reading			633
Discovery and interrogatories evaluated 			633
An Evaluation of the Function and Practice of Discovery 			634
The Use of Discovery and Interrogatories in Civil Litigation 			635
Further reading			637
Further reading 			637
13		Further Means of Obtaining Evidence 			638
Overview 			638
Inspection and testing of property 			639
Introduction 			639
Federal Court, New South Wales, the Northern Territory, 
Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria 			639
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			639
Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia 			640
Supreme Court Rules 1937 (ACT) 			640
Notes and Questions 			641
Personal injury proceedings: Medical examinations, particulars
and documents relating to loss and damage 			642
Medical Examinations 			642
Rules of court 			642
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			642
Statutory provisions 			643
Inherent jurisdiction 			643
Examination must be reasonable 			643
Particulars and documents relating to loss and damage 			643
Victoria; Northern Territory 			643
Australian Capital Territory 			644
New South Wales 			644
South Australia 			644
Queensland 			645
Western Australia 			646
Disclosing Expert Evidence 			646
Practice in each jurisdiction 			647
Federal Court 			647
Australian Capital Territory 			647
New South Wales 			648
Northern Territory 			648
Queensland 			648
South Australia 			649
Tasmania 			650
Victoria 			650
Western Australia 			651
Uniform Evidence Acts 			651
Notes and Questions 			651
Further reading			652
Notices to admit 			652
Introduction 			652
Cost consequences 			653
Practical observations 			654
Drafting Interrogatories Made Simple 			654
Withdrawal of admissions 			655
Notes and Questions 			655
Subpoenas 			655
Introduction 			655
Form 			656
Subpoena to employer, company 			656
Rochfort v Trade Practices Commission 			657
Payment to witnesses 			659
Service 			660
Service out of the jurisdiction 			661
Interstate service (state and territory Supreme Courts) 			661
International service 			663
Production 			663
Subpoena for production before trial 			664
Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd v Western Metals Resources Limited 			664
Setting a subpoena aside 			665
Commissioner for Railways v Small 			665
Pasini v Vanstone 			667
Admitting into evidence documents produced on subpoena 			669
National Employers Mutual General Association v Waind 			669
Failing to attend on a subpoena 			672
Notice to produce 			672
Notes and questions 			673
Further reading 			674
14		Affidavits 			675
Overview 			675
Introduction 			676
Affidavits and oral evidence 			676
Interlocutory and trial affidavits 			677
Notes and questions 			679
Form 			679
High Court Rules 			680
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) 			681
Use of facsimiles 			682
Structure 			682
Heading and title 			682
Drafting 			683
Contents 			684
Drafting affidavits made simple 			684
How to Draft an Affidavit 			690
Affidavits 			694
Taking an affidavit 			699
English v Legal Practitioners Complaints Committee 			700
Jurat and signatures 			700
Queensland Standard Jurat* 			701
Witness 			703
Note 			704
Annexures, schedules and exhibits 			704
Filing 			705
Service 			706
Timing 			707
Cross-examination 			707
Scandalous and irrelevant 			708
Questions 			709
Use of affidavits 			710
Use of an earlier affidavit 			710
Evidential use of an affidavit 			710
Use of an opponent’s affidavit 			710
Notes and Questions 			710
Alterations, erasures and withdrawal 			711
Question 			711
Trial by affidavit 			712
Irregularities and defective affidavits 			713
Questions 			714
Objections to affidavits 			714
A solicitor’s duty when preparing affidavits 			714
Further reading 			715
15		Interlocutory Procedures 			716
Overview 			716
The nature of interlocutory orders 			717
Injunctions 			718
Supreme Court Rules 1987 (SA) 			720
Interim injunctions 			721
Undertaking as to damages 			721
Notes and questions 			722
Service of order 			722
Anton Piller orders 			723
Anton Piller KG v Manufacturing Processes Ltd 			723
Notes 			727
Rank Film Distributors Ltd v Video Information Centre (a firm) 			728
Uniform Evidence Acts 			733
Notes 			736
Mareva orders 			740
Mareva Compania Naviera SA v International Bulkcarriers SA 			740
Jackson v Sterling Industries Ltd 			742
Notes 			748
Cardile v LED Builders Pty Limited 			748
Notes and questions 			753
Interim preservation, management, custody of 
property 			754
Wentworth v Rogers (No 8) 			754
Security for costs 			757
Introduction 			757
Court rules 			759
Supreme Court (General Rules of Procedure in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1996 (Vic) 	759
Other legislation 			759
Corporations Act 2000 (Cth) 			759
Court’s inherent power to make such orders 			760
The court’s discretion 			760
Ariss v Express Interiors Pty Ltd (in liq) 			760
Notes and questions 			770
Receivership and provisional liquidation 			771
Provisional liquidation 			771
Re J N Taylor Holdings Ltd; Zempilas v J N Taylor Holdings Ltd 			771
Receivership 			772
National Australia Bank Ltd v Bond Brewing Holdings Ltd 			772
Further reading 			773
16		Disposition without Trial 			774
Overview 			774
Introduction 			775
Compromise of proceedings 			777
Facilitating settlement 			782
Without prejudice 			782
Field v Commissioner for Railways (NSW) 			782
Rush & Tompkins Ltd v Greater London Council 			782
Questions 			784
Formal offers to settle 			784
Payment into court 			785
Deposit 			785
In what kind of cases? 			785
Lumley Life Ltd v IOOF of Victoria Friendly Society 			785
Offer 			787
Cumper v Pothecary 			787
Acceptance 			787
What happens to the money if the plaintiff does not accept? 			788
Multiple defendants 			788
Counterclaims 			788
Infants and people of unsound mind 			788
Acceptance of money paid in means there is no adjudication 			788
Effect of failure to accept a generous offer 			788
Lauchlan v Hartley 			789
Calderbank offers 			791
Messiter v Hutchinson 			792
Offers of compromise and offers to settle 			795
Maitland Hospital v Fisher (No 2) 			796
Maitland Hospital v Fisher (No 2) 			797
When may an offer be made? 			798
Withdrawal of offer 			798
Acceptance 			798
Withdrawal of acceptance 			799
Offers are without prejudice 			799
Incorporation into a judgment 			799
Enforcement 			799
Specific parties 			799
Multiple defendants 			800
Offers to contribute 			800
Interest 			800
Hadzigeorgiou v O’Sullivan 			800
Costs implications 			801
Dichotomous decisions 			802
Maitland Hospital v Fisher (No 2) 			803
Ettingshausen v Australian Consolidated Press Ltd 			805
Notes and questions 			808
The relationship between the offer of compromise rules and Calderbank offers 		809
Pirrotta v Citibank Ltd 			809
Notes and questions 			810
Offers of compromise prior to commencing litigation: South Australia 		810
Reaching agreements 			810
Traditional negotiation 			810
Notes and questions 			821
Mediation 			822
Mediation assessed 			822
Neutral evaluation 			825
New South Wales 			826
Federal Court 			826
Family Court 			826
Queensland 			826
In the Ball Park: Alternative Dispute Resolution and the Courts 			827
Notes and questions 			829
Formalising settlement agreements 			830
Consequences of formalising settlement 			830
Green v Rozen 			830
Roberts v Gippsland Agricultural and Earthmoving Contracting Co Pty Ltd 		833
General Credits (Finance) Pty Ltd v Fenton Lake Pty Ltd 			835
Infants and people under a disability 			836
Fowler v Gray 			836
Entering consent judgments 			837
Discontinuance and withdrawal 			837
The rules 			837
In Re Mathews; Oates v Mooney 			838
Castanho v Brown & Root (UK) Ltd 			839
Packer v Meagher 			840
Ernst & Young v Butte Mining Plc 			841
Further reading 			843
17		Trial 			844
Overview 			844
Introduction 			845
Setting down for trial 			845
Federal Court 			845
Australian Capital Territory 			846
New South Wales 			846
Northern Territory 			846
Queensland 			847
South Australia 			847
Tasmania 			848
Victoria 			848
Western Australia 			848
Questions 			849
Further reading			849
Mode of trial 			849
Trial by judge alone 			850
Juries 			850
When is there a prima facie right to a jury trial? 			850
Rebutting the prima facie presumption 			852
When will jury trials be ordered in the absence of a prima facie right? 			852
Darrel Lea (Vic) Pty Ltd v Union Assurance Society of Australia Ltd 			853
Borg v Australian Consolidated Press Ltd 			853
Question 			854
Rebutting the presumption in favour of trial by judge alone: 
the Commonwealth and the territories 			854
Can trial by judge alone be ordered after a jury trial has begun? 			855
Questions 			856
The use of juries 			856
Does the jury still have a role to play? 			857
Gerlach v Clifton Bricks Pty Ltd 			857
Further reading			863
Arbitration and referees 			864
Super Pty Ltd (formerly known as Leda Constructions Pty Ltd) 
v S J P Formwork (Aust) Pty Ltd 			865
Honeywell Pty Ltd v Austral Motors Holdings Ltd 			867
Park Rail Developments Pty Ltd v R J Pearce Associates Pty Ltd 			869
Question 			870
Splitting trials 			871
George Wimpey & Co Ltd v Territory Enterprises Pty Ltd 			872
Evans Deakin Industries Ltd v Commonwealth 			874
Notes 			874
Presenting the case 			875
Order of evidence and addresses 			876
Portelli v Port Waratah Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd 			876
The content of addresses 			877
The effects of non-attendance 			879
No case submissions and the requirement to elect not to call evidence 			880
J Corp Pty Ltd v Australian Builders Labourers’ Federated Union 
of Workers (Western Australian Branch) (No 2) 			880
Note 			881
No case submissions after the defendant has given evidence			881
Humphrey v Collier 			882
Re-opening cases 			882
Margiotta v Michielan 			882
Question 			883
Hanlon v Wadlow Ltd 			883
Adjournments 			884
Procedures in hearings by special referees 			885
Xuereb v Viola 			886
Notes and questions 			889
Verdicts and reports 			889
Verdicts 			890
Otis Elevators Pty Ltd v Zitis 			890
Anderson v Ntzounas 			893
Question 			894
When is a verdict final? 			894
Cunningham v Ryan 			894
Note and question 			895
Bradbury v NZ Loan and Mercantile Agency Co Ltd 			896
Special referees’ and arbitrators’ reports 			896
Nicholls v Stamer 			897
Super Pty Ltd (formerly known as Leda Constructions Pty Ltd) 
v SJP Formwork (Aust) Pty Ltd 			898
Notes 			899
Judgment 			900
Jury trials 			901
Turner v Manier (No 1) 			901
Question 			902
Turner v Manier (No 2) 			902
Cases where there is no evidence to support a verdict 			903
Prestinenzi v Steel Tank and Pipe Consolidated Pty Ltd 			904
Questions 			906
Sayers v Perrin (No 2) 			906
Question 			907
Entry of judgment 			907
Setting aside and ‘correcting’ judgments 			908
Judgments in default 			908
Surfers Paradise International Convention Centre Pty Ltd 
v National Mutual Life Association of Australasia Ltd 			908
Setting aside on the grounds of fraud or new evidence 			911
Monroe Schneider Associates (Inc) v No 1 Raberem Pty Ltd (No 2) 			911
Wentworth v Rogers (No 5) 			913
Correcting minor errors: the ‘slip rule’ 			914
Arnett v Holloway 			914
Notes and questions 			916
Supplemental judgments 			917
Further reading 			917
18		Appeal and New Trial 			919
Overview 			919
Introduction 			920
Types of appeal 			921
Builders’ Licensing Board v Sperway Constructions (Syd) Pty Ltd 			921
Coal and Allied Operations Pty Limited v Australian Industrial 
Relations Commission and Others 			922
Questions 			924
Avenues of appeal 			924
High Court 			925
Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) 			925
Morris v R 			925
State, Federal Court and Northern Territory appellate courts 			926
Interlocutory judgments and orders 			926
Meddings v The Council of the City of Gold Coast 			927
Carr v Finance Corporation of Australia Limited 			929
Questions 			930
Jurisdiction 			930
Powers of the appellate court 			931
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) s 28 			931
Process 			932
Institution of an appeal 			932
Parties to an appeal 			932
Leave to appeal 			932
Notice of appeal 			933
Note and question 			933
Supreme Court Civil Rules 2006 (SA) (draft) 			934
Appeals 			935
Sample grounds 			936
Appeals 			936
Service 			937
Amendment 			937
Callover (setting the appeal down for hearing) 			938
Cross-appeals and notice of contention 			938
Court materials 			938
Appeal record 			938
Notices 			939
Outlines of argument, lists of authorities and chronologies 			939
Appeals 			939
Extrinsic materials 			941
Related applications 			941
Stay of execution pending appeal 			941
Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corp Ltd (recs apptd) 			942
Notes and questions 			944
Security for costs 			944
Substantive basis upon which appeals are brought 			945
Adam P Brown Male Fashions Pty Ltd v Philip Morris Inc 			945
Error of law 			947
Judge wrongly exercised discretion 			947
House v The King 			948
Australian Coal and Shale Employees’ Federation v The Commonwealth 		948
Questions 			949
Judge’s findings of fact were wrong 			949
Da Costa v Cockburn Salvage & Trading Pty Ltd 			949
Edwards v Noble 			953
Incorrect inferences drawn 			954
Warren v Coombes 			954
Judge’s view taken of conflicting testimony 			956
Paterson v Paterson 			956
Inferences from uncontroverted facts 			959
Brunskill v Sovereign Marine & General Insurance Co Ltd 			959
Fresh evidence available at trial 			960
Orr v Holmes 			961
New point arising after judgment: appeals by way of rehearing 			963
Notes and questions 			963
Clarke v Japan Machines (Australia) Pty Ltd 			964
New points and objections arising before judgment 			965
Appeals to the New South Wales Court of Appeal 			965
Excessive or insufficient assessment of damages 			966
Gamser v The Nominal Defendant 			966
Questions 			967
Non-grounds 			968
Eggins v Brooms Head Bowling and Recreational Club Ltd 			968
Jury grounds 			969
Notes and questions 			970
Preparing an appeal 			970
Appeals 			970
Conducting an appeal 			971
Appeals 			971
Appeals 			972
New trial 			973
Balenzuela v De Gail 			974
Council of the City of Greater Wollongong Corporation v Cowan 			977
Striking out, want of prosecution and discontinuance 			978
Costs 			979
Question 			979
Indemnity certificates 			979
Lauchlan v Hartley 			980
Vella v Larson 			980
Further reading 			981
19		Costs 			982
Overview 			982
Introduction 			983
The general rule 			984
Cachia v Hanes 			985
Notes and questions 			987
Costs awards where litigation has been funded by 
a third party 			988
Johnson v Santa Teresa Housing Association 			988
Costs awards against third parties 			990
Knight v F P Special Assets Ltd 			990
Costs awards against practitioners 			991
De Sousa v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs 		992
Types of costs award 			994
Hurstville Municipal Council v Connor 			996
Problematic winners 			1000
Party wins in the wrong court 			1000
O’Doherty v McMahon 			1001
Party ultimately wins, but loses on several issues 			1004
Byrns v Davie 			1004
Complex cases 			1006
Gould v Vaggelas 			1007
Costs which do not follow the event 			1010
Public interest litigation 			1010
Oshlack v Richmond River Council 			1010
Notes and questions 			1012
Impecunious parties 			1014
Notes and questions 			1015
Other exceptions 			1015
Verna Trading Pty Ltd v New India Assurance Co Ltd 			1015
Question 			1018
Determining the quantum of costs 			1018
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 			1019
Notes and questions 			1024
The New South Wales position 			1025
Legal Profession Act 2004 (NSW) 			1025
Question 			1025
Resolving disputes over quantum 			1025
Security for costs 			1028
Security for Costs 			1029
Rules 			1031
Security for Costs 			1033
Appeal costs 			1034
Further reading 			1034
20		Enforcement 			1035
Overview 			1035
Introduction 			1035
Question 			1038
When is the judgment enforceable? 			1041
Equitable relief is not enforceable immediately 			1041
Finance Allotments Pty Ltd v Young 			1041
Conditional judgments 			1042
Stays 			1042
J C Scott Constructions v Mermaid Waters Tavern Pty Ltd (No 2) 			1043
Limitation periods 			1044
Pre-emptive strikes by judgment creditors 			1044
Mareva injunctions 			1044
Attachment 			1045
Do not delay 			1046
Gathering relevant information 			1046
Instalment orders 			1048
Writs or warrants of execution 			1049
The procedure for obtaining a writ or warrant 			1050
Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 1996 (Vic) 			1050
World Square Pty Ltd v Taylor 			1053
Question 			1055
Finegan (Timber) Pty Ltd v Beechey 			1056
Types of warrants and writs 			1059
Fi fa or levy of property or seizure and sale 			1059
Seizure and sale 			1060
Clissold v Cratchley 			1064
Watson v Murray & Co 			1065
Anderson v Liddell 			1067
Notes and questions 			1069
Question 			1070
Recovery of land 			1070
For delivery 			1070
Supreme Court Rules 2000 (Tas) 			1071
Orders against third parties 			1072
Attachment of debts/enforcement warrants for redirection of debts/garnishee orders 	1072
Pioneer Concrete (Gold Cost) Pty Ltd v Cassidy (Engwirds Construction Co garnishee) 	1075
Attachment of earnings 			1079
Charging orders and stop orders 			1081
Receivers 			1083
Re Shephard; Atkins v Shephard 			1084
Appointment of a receiver and priorities 			1085
Levasseur v Mason & Barry 			1085
Substituted specific performance 			1086
Contempt and sequestration 			1086
Contempt 			1087
Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Morgan 			1087
Attachment and committal 			1090
Sequestration/ Seizure of property 			1091
Webster v Southwark London Borough Council 			1092
Enforcement of interstate judgments 			1094
Service and Execution of Process Act 1992 (Cth) 			1094
Enforcement of judgments outside Australia 			1096
Questions 			1098
Other foreign judgments 			1098
Notes and questions 			1099
Enforceability of Australian judgments abroad 			1099
Bankruptcy and winding-up 			1099
Further reading 			1100